Driven out from their dwellings
أُخْرِجُوا۟ مِن دِيَٰرِهِمْ
ukhrijū min diyārihim — were driven out from their dwellings
The passive clause "driven out from their dwellings" recurs as a fixed frame whose surrounding slot is filled differently each time – with "without any right" (22:40), "and from our sons" (2:246), "and were hurt" (3:195), "and their wealth" (59:8) – so that the frame characterizes a group by what the expulsion cost them or by the qualification that it was without any right.
In the verses given, the frame is a passive perfect of Form IV خ ر ج followed by the preposition مِن and the noun دِيَار with a possessive pronoun. The passive voice leaves the agent unnamed in four of the six verses: (22:40), (3:195) and (59:8) use the 3rd-person plural passive أُخْرِجُوا۟ مِن دِيَٰرِهِمْ, while (2:246) shifts to first person, أُخْرِجْنَا مِن دِيَٰرِنَا, as speakers cite their own expulsion as a reason to fight. The frame's variable slot shows what the expulsion is paired with. In (22:40) it is qualified بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ, "without any right", and the stated cause is only speech: "Our Lord is Allah". In (2:246) the slot adds a second object of removal, "and from our sons" (وَأَبْنَآئِنَا), widening the loss beyond dwellings. In (3:195) the frame sits in a chain of coordinated verbs – "left (their homes) and were driven out from their dwellings and were hurt in My path, and fought and were killed" – where the expulsion is one item in a sequence answered by divine recompense. In (59:8) the slot again adds a second object, "and their wealth" (وَأَمْوَٰلِهِمْ), and the frame defines a group called "the poor emigrants". Two verses turn the frame active: (60:8) denies it of a group ("have not driven you out from your dwellings") to permit kindness toward them, and (60:9) affirms it ("drove you out from your dwellings, and backed one another in driving you out") to forbid taking them as patrons. The frame thus sorts people: those it describes are wronged victims (22:40), recompensed (3:195), truthful (59:8), or, when they are the agents, excluded from patronage (60:9).
Where it occurs
- 22:40 Describes those driven out "without any right" for saying "Our Lord is Allah"; the frame grounds the claim that places of devotion would have been torn down without divine repelling.
- 2:246 In first person, the speakers cite their expulsion "from our dwellings and from our sons" as their reason for wanting to fight in the path of Allah.
- 3:195 The frame is one link in a chain of actions – leaving, being driven out, being hurt, fighting, being killed – that the divine response promises to recompense.
- 59:8 Defines "the poor emigrants" as those driven out "from their dwellings and their wealth", who are then called the truthful.
- 60:8 The frame is negated in the active voice: those who have not driven you out from your dwellings may be shown devoted goodness and justice.
- 60:9 The frame is affirmed in the active voice of those who fought you and drove you out, and backed one another in the expulsion; taking them as patrons is forbidden.
All Qur'anic expressions